Recycling COR-TEN Sea Containers into Service Modules for Military Applications: Thermal Analysis

June 2017

Carlos Ulloa1,*, María Elena Arce1, Guillermo Rey1, José Luis Míguez2 and José Hernández3

1 Defense University Center, Escuela Naval Militar, 36920 Marín, Spain; elena.arce@cud.uvigo.es (M.E.A.); guillermo.rey@uvigo.es (G.R.)
2 Industrial Engineering School, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; jmiguez@uvigo.es
3 Armada Española, Escuela Naval Militar, 36920 Marín, Spain; jherse2@fn.mde.es
* Correspondence: carlos.ulloa@cud.uvigo.es; Tel.: +34-986-804-931

Academic Editor: Hua Li

Received: 1 June 2017; Accepted: 14 June 2017; Published: 17 June 2017

Abstract

It is thought that there are 14 million standardised sea containers out of order, equal to 23.3 million twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU), which could be devoted for other purposes. The COR-TEN®steel containers are the best, due to the features of the materials, to be used in applications intended for the accommodation of people. One of the uses is framed in the area of humanitarian help, as service modules in areas of social emergency. Moreover, the deployment of these kinds of modules is quite simple, as the Army is generally able to transport containers in its units. In this project we have selected three typologies of service modules and we have designed modules based on sea containers which can fit into these typologies. The container chosen to be recycled is the 1 TEU, to which the closings and divisions are defined, which must reflect the different typologies of the service modules chosen. Afterwards, a study of thermal charges is carried out on three different settings of service modules located in five locations spread in different climate areas. Throughout a thermal simulation in Trnsys® (V17, Thermal Energy System Specialists, LLC, Madison, WI, USA), the consumption and maximum demand of heat and cold are analysed. Based on these results, the best equipment to cover the energy demand of the modules analysed in this study could be chosen. Moreover, the results can be used to estimate the operational costs of the deployment of the modules.

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Mountain Modern - Beautiful 2,275 sq ft Shipping Container Home, Lake Tahoe, California




About architect - Mountain Concepts
About builder - In-House Builders


ProjectMountain Modern
ArchitectMountain Concepts
BuilderIn-House Builders
ManufacturerHonomobo
ContainersFive 40 ft
Area2,275 sq ft
LocationLake Tahoe, California, United States
PhotographyTahoe Mountain Realty


The second floor of this beautiful shipping container home in Lake Tahoe, California, is built from pre-made modules, five 40 ft shipping containers.

The 2,275 sq ft home is characterized by extensive use of exposed concrete and metal siding.

Energy Analysis of Standardized Shipping Containers for Housing

September 2024

Elena Arce Fariña1, Mirela Panait2,3,*, José María Lago-Cabo4 and Raquel Fernández-González5

1 Department of Industrial Engineering, CITIC, CTC, University of A Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; elena.arce@udc.es
2 Faculty of Economic Sciences, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39, Bd. Bucures, ti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
3 Institute of National Economy, Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
4 Faculty of Communication and Social Sciences, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; jose.maria.lago@alumnado.uvigo.gal
5 ERENEA-ECOBAS, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; raquelf@uvigo.es
* Correspondence: mirela.matei@upg-ploiesti.ro

Abstract

Shipping containers that remain in ports after exporting or importing products cause an environmental and logistical problem. Transporting them to the port of origin is costly; therefore, some of them are stored in the regions of destination. Recycling or reusing them in an efficient and sustainable way represents a clean alternative. The purpose of this article is to analyze the feasibility and impact of implementing different insulating configurations on the energy demands required by a house based on a construction with standardized shipping containers. More specifically, it assesses the impact of the different orientations in which the dwelling can be arranged, depending on the location and its meteorological data. To this aim, a construction model will be developed in which first, the geometrical parameters are defined, and second, the energy characteristics are identified. The results show that, in Southwest Europe, the western orientation generates a saving of 10% of the energy demand compared to the less favourable orientation, which is the southern one.

$250,000 800 sqft 3 Bedrooms Shipping Container Home, Port Charlotte, Florida



Floor Plans
Location


ContainersTwo 40 ft, one 20 ft
Area800 sqft
Bedrooms3
Bathrooms2
Cost$250,000 (2025)
LocationPort Charlotte, Florida, United States
Year2021


Zillow:

Simplistic living in a reliable and strong shipping container home at its finest! This solid metal structure comes equip with a metal roof and all impact windows and doors providing the ultimate hurricane proof protection that you're looking for in Florida. Completely energy efficient with spray insulated walls and ceilings and 3 mini split AC system. No HOA and no DEED restrictions + city water. The property features a detached bungalow (20 ft shipping container) with a kitchenette, bathroom and private entrance. The current owner (2025) uses it as a short-term rental where it rents out consistently.



The property backs up to a beautiful preserve that nobody can ever build on and since the property front faces east, you get a spectacular sunset view in the evening. This 20,000 square foot piece of property features approximately 7000 square feet of gravel parking area for ample space to bring your cars, boats, RVs and much more, graveled area includes two sunshade spots providing covered parking + a concrete driveway out front.

The kitchen features modern-style quartz countertops and soft close cabinetry. The master bathroom features a gorgeous river rock shower. The shipping container home has an open floorplan with a super cute and spacious living area. Home is outfitted with waterproof luxury vinyl flooring with a double water barrier.

Tons of solar light around the property creating a super Zen area to relax. Firepit included. Vinyl fence separates yourself from any neighbors providing pure privacy. The back permiter of the property is outfitted with 140 feet of rip rap that is designed to turn into a creek when it rains. Outdoor shower on the breezeway and enough space to extend the shipping container structure if you ever have ambitions to do so!

Using shipping containers to provide temporary housing in post-disaster recovery: Social case studies

4th International Conference on Building Resilience, Building Resilience 2014, 8-10 September 2014, Salford Quays, United Kingdom

Guomin Zhang*, Sujeeva Setunge, Stefanie van Elmpt

School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC3001, Australia

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +61-3-99253824; fax: +61-3-96390138.

E-mail address: kevin.zhang@rmit.edu.au

Abstract

Housing that makes use of the ubiquitous general purpose shipping container is becoming more commonly seen as a useful way of reusing the empty vessels as valuable accommodation. In particular, the application of shipping container temporary housing is suited to post-disaster situations, design examples of which can be found in the literature. However, ensuring the success of implementing such projects in a post-disaster setting requires investigation into the social considerations of temporary housing. This research takes a qualitative approach, focusing particularly on case studies of temporary housing experiences following the Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Christchurch Earthquake in 2011 and a field study of 2009 Black Saturday bushfire-affected communities in Victoria, Australia. Key social factors found to be significant to the success of shipping container temporary housing projects relate to flexibility in ownership, reuse and siting arrangement, in addition to robust pre-disaster planning by authorities, taking into account the varying characteristics of different types of disasters.

Blok Studio Container Resort - 1300 sqft 2 Bedrooms Shipping Container Home, Heated Pool and Spa, Joshua Tree, California



Location and Contact Info
Construction
Video
About Builder - Blok Studio


ProjectBlok Studio Container Resort
Designer and BuilderBlok Studio
Containers4
Area1300 sqft Living Area + 1400 sqft Deck Area
Year2024
LocationJoshua Tree, California, United States


Welcome to Blok Studio. This is a new, modern one-of-a-kind container home, which features (4) 40ft high cube shipping containers, DirecTV, large wrap around deck, 20' container heated pool plus hot tub!

Great place to unwind in the serene outdoor living areas, complete with breathtaking views of the Joshua Tree landscape. Property is located on the south side of the 62 Highway. Just 1 mile from the downtown area and four miles minutes to the West entrance of the Joshua Tree National Park.

You will have access to the surrounding area around the property. Includes a hot tub, heated container pool, outdoor furniture, propane fire pit, BBQ grill, sun chairs on the deck plus more!

Performance Evaluation of Shipping Container Potentials for Net-Zero Residential Buildings

April 2020

Laura Battaglia1 and Jeehwan Lee2

1. Department of Architecture, School of Engineering and Technology, Hampton University, 100 E. Queen Street, Hampton, VA 23669, laura.battaglia@hampton.edu
2. Department of Architecture, School of Engineering and Technology, Hampton University, 100 E. Queen Street, Hampton, VA 23669, jeehwan.lee@hampton.edu

ABSTRACT

Recycled shipping containers have the potential to be successfully used as a net-zero ready home. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of a high-performance shipping container single-family housing project located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The project was awarded the Best Undergraduate Project in the Single-family division at the 2019 U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon Design Challenge. The Hampton University Millennial Village Design Team designed a marketable net-zero ready container home for the ViBe Creative District in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Container Homes are not suitable for every homeowner, but they have a particular appeal to a generation of young and creative people across the country. For many municipalities in Virginia, where container housing is not readily accepted, the ViBe creative district has been having discussions with City code officials and local architects about the benefits. The Hampton University Millennial Village Design Team aimed to take advantage of the competition as an opportunity to explore a building construction method that is not widely seen in this part of the country. Testing design for net-zero readiness is a comprehensive way to understand how this type of construction performs from a building science standpoint. Collaboration with professional industry advisors helped the team to use research-based design methods to work on a unique project that the team believes will become a reality in the future. For the performance assessment of a net-zero container house, several simulation tools were used to investigate the environmental impacts, daylight performance, envelope performance, Energy Use Intensity (EUI), Home Energy Rating System (HERS), and solar energy generation. As for energy standards and codes, the Virginia residential code (VRC) 2015, International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2015 and The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1-2013 for residential buildings were consulted to set each variable for the net-zero container house project. The Rem/Rate energy simulation software achieved the HERS index of 51 and 0 without and with the applications of roof photovoltaics, respectively.

District 10 Industrial Aesthetic Shipping Container Office Building, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom

The first commercial building constructed from shipping containers in Scotland.



Location
Construction Video
About architect - Aim Design
About builder - Maxi Construction


ProjectDistrict 10 Container Building
ArchitectGed Young, Aim Design
BuilderMaxi Construction
Structural and Civil EngineersFairhursts
Services ConsultantsBBH
Cost ConsultantsWJR Christie & Partners
Containers37
Area950 sqm
Offices15 no. 38m2 offices, 1 no. 31m2 office, a communal kitchen/common room, a meeting room
Year2013
LocationDundee, Scotland, United Kingdom


Awards

  • 2014 Scottish Design Awards: Commendation for Architecture: Commercial/ Offices Building or Project
  • 2014 Dundee Civic Trust Awards: Commendation for its outstanding contribution to the townscape of Dundee
  • 2014 Dundee Institute of Architects: Best Commercial Building, award for Interior Design and the Supreme Award for best overall project.



The District 10 container office building, designed by Ged Young of Aim Design Architects, received several awards including Best Commercial Building, an award for Interior Design as well as picking up the award for Best Client, Scottish Enterprise. The night was complete when the project received the top award of the evening, the Supreme Award for best overall project.

The first commercial container building for early start businesses in Scotland was opened in September 2013 at Seabraes, a former railway goods yard located to the west of Dundee’s waterfront. The project was joint funded by Scottish Enterprise, the European Regional Development Fund, Tayside charity Matthew Trust and received a financial boost from the Scottish Government’s capital investment in shovel ready projects.

Shipping Container Homes by Gold Coast Container Homes, QLD, Australia





About Gold Coast Container Homes - Builder

Hotel R9 The Yard - Storage Container Hotel Made From Separate 20 ft Units, Japan







Video
Location and Contact Info

There are a lot of unusual accommodations around Japan, but if you’re looking for one of the newest and most convenient places to stay, you can’t go past Hotel R9 The Yard. This chain with the industrial-sounding name is notable for its unique lodgings, which are made out of storage containers.

Shipping Container Humanitarian Housing at New Jerusalem Orphanage, Midrand, South Africa








About New Jerusalem Orphanage
About 4D and A Architects

ProjectNew Jerusalem Orphanage
Architects4D and A Architects
Containers28
LocationMidrand, South Africa
Year2011





Two sisters established the orphanage in 2000 in order to care for children in the Midrand who have been either abandoned or orphaned because of poverty, HIV or other social problems. Due to expansion, New Jerusalem orphanage commissioned 4D and A to build new houses for the children, whose ages range from infancy to 16. Recycled shipping containers were chosen as the main building material because they are 25 percent cheaper than conventional brick and mortar homes.

Each unit contains enough space for twelve children and a house mother, and two houses share a communal kitchen, dining and lounge area. These are all vibrant, inspiring spaces that not only make the orphans feel loved and special, but also help to stimulate their stunted development.

CPH Shelter - Affordable Shipping Container Compact Units for Students Have Livingroom, Place to Sleep, Bathroom and Kitchenette, Copenhagen, Denmark








Construction
Floor Plans
Renderings
About Vandkunsten Architects

ProjectCPH Shelter
ArchitectsVandkunsten Architects
Project groupSalma Zavari, Søren Nielsen, Katrine West Kristensen
ContractorLogik & Co
LocationCopenhagen, Denmark
Year2015-2018





Thanks largely to its status as a hotbed of contemporary design innovation, the city of Copenhagen has become one of the most desirable places in the world to live. Yet, as has been seen in places like Manhattan, increased desirability can come at a cost to local residents. Due to rapid growth and a successful university system, Copenhagen has fallen upon a shortage of both student housing and land available for traditional development. The only open, affordable land in the city is located within ports – but it is currently zoned to be protected from any permanent construction projects.

Enter Danish company CPH Containers and architect Søren Nielsen, a partner at Danish firm Vandkunsten Architects. By creating a structure of shipping containers, the team has created a student village that acts a temporary complex, able to vacate the land upon short notice with its close proximity to existing transportation infrastructure.

C2 Shelter at OOST Kampville - Shipping Container Home Built for Tropical Climate, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand








Construction
Floor Plans
Location
About Teera Dhanamun

ProjectC2 Shelter at OOST Kampville
ArchitectsTung Jai Ork Baab
Lead ArchitectTeera Dhanamun
Containers3
Bedrooms2
Year2024
LocationNakhon Nayok, Thailand





After Container Cabin that was built in 2022 fully transform into vacation rental, the family need to expand the weekend house in OOST Kampville project. In the site we found a small peaceful plot nestled in the Dipterocarpus alatus (resin tree) forest. With the same limitation as the previous development of Container Cabin the pre-fabrication construction method was the initial idea to develop the project because of the limitation resource of local contractor and skillful construction workers. The shipping container was then introduced to be the main indoor space of the house again but with different purposes and smaller size.

Cargo - Tiny Home Made of 20 ft Shipping Container, Algarve, Portugal








Frequently Asked Questions about Tiny Homes from Madeiguincho
About Madeiguincho

ProjectCargo
Architect and BuilderMadeiguincho
ContainersOne 20 ft
LocationLagos, Algarve, Portugal
Year2024





In the contemporary architectural landscape, the trend tiny homeards minimalism has gained significant relevance. This approach, which advocates simplicity and the elimination of the superfluous, finds in the tiny homes or the smallest possible size habitable structures a fertile ground for its most authentic expression. These homes, with their reduced dimensions, challenge architectural conventions by demonstrating that the greatness of space does not necessarily translate into comfort or functionality.

Royal Wolf Shipping Container Melbourne HQ, Administrative and Site Office with Planted Internal Courtyards, Sunshine, Victoria, Australia








Construction
Floor Plans
Location
About Room 11 Architects

ArchitectRoom 11 Architects
Containers16
LocationMelbourne, Victoria, Australia
Year2013





Royal Wolf is a specialist in the hire, sale & modification of new & refurbished shipping containers. Utilising the steel fabrication skill sets of this company, Room11 take the claustrophobic volume within a regular shipping container and transform it into a spacious light filled work environment with planted internal courtyards.

Shipping Container Home with Woven Bamboo Roof Includes Personal Gym, India








Floor Plans
About Rakhee Shobhit Design Associates

ArchitectRakhee Shobhit Design Associates
ContainersFirst unit 5x 20ft; Second unit 2x 40ft + Gym 20ft
LocationAravali Hills, India





Indian practice Rakhee Shobhit Design Associates (RSDA) responded by repurposing old shipping containers to quickly create a series of bright living spaces that would provide an "escape from reality" with minimal impact on the landscape.

"The Container House does not conform to conventional residential design ideas," said the practice.

"Instead, it employs industrial materials as the exoskeleton to create a homely, cosy setting with a spatial dialogue between the interiors and the surroundings."

Low-Cost Shipping Container Housing for Students or Single Individuals, Santiago, Chile








Construction Process
Floor Plans / Drawings
About Hsu-Rudolphy Arquitectos

ArchitectHsu-Rudolphy Arquitectos
Containers70x 20ft
Area1400 m²
LocationSantiago, Chile
Year2022





Description by the architects

1,400 m2 of collective low-cost housing for students or single individuals, four stories in height, built based on a prefabricated system of recycled containers and a steel structure, designed in order that it can be built in low and medium-density areas in the city, adding or decreasing modules according to the available land. This modular concept can be adapted or can be built in different stages depending on different conditions such as commercial demand or economic budget. One of the relevant advantages is the speed of construction due to his prefabricated main structure that can be mounted on the site in a matter of weeks.

Shipping Container Home on Narrow Lot - Conventionally-Built Main Level and Two 53’ Shipping Containers on Upper Level, Boulder, Colorado








Construction Process
Drawings
Location
About M. Gerwing Architects
About Gebau - Structural Engineer

ArchitectMark Gerwing, M. Gerwing Architects
ContractorOwner
Structural EngineerGebau, Boulder
Interior CabinetryLaak Woodworks
ContainersTwo 53 ft
Bedrooms4
Bathrooms4
Area4000 sqft
Price$3,250,000 (2020)
LocationBoulder, Colorado
Year2020





This shipping container home on narrow lot in Boulder, Colorado, is one-of-a-kind inside and out—just like its former owners. Comprised of two shipping containers, reclaimed materials, and other handcrafted details, the rectilinear structure occupies a narrow lot at the base of Flagstaff Mountain. The homeowners and designers, Mark Gelband and Courtney Loveman, spent years battling zoning ordinances to build the home in a way that reflected their blended families and world view.

Karoo Uitkyk - Off-Grid Shipping Container Home with Cantilevered Deck and Beautiful Views, South Africa








Floor Plans
About Anthrop Abbott Architects

ProjectKaroo Uitkyk
ArchitectAnthrop Abbott Architects
ContainersFour 20 ft
Bedrooms2
Project Cost$306,712
LocationKaroo, South Africa
Year2024





The Karoo is a vast semi-desert region stretching across South Africa, defined by its rolling mountains, expansive plains, and dramatic climatic conditions. On a remote rocky outcrop in this breathtaking landscape sits a striking weekend getaway crafted from four shipping containers. Designed by Antrhop Abbott Architects, the off-grid weekender, which is only accessible via a 4x4 vehicle, features designer furniture, bespoke detailing, and a deck that cantilevers out from the clifftop—an ambitious exercise that cost over $300K.


Cost% of Total Cost
Structural Work (inc. framing, envelope, siding & insulation)$31,58410.3%
Wall Finishes$26,8808.8%
Flooring$3,6401.2%
Roofing$8400.3%
Hardware$10,0803.3%
Electrical$36,40012.9%
Plumbing$14,0004.6%
Kitchen & Bath Fixtures$2,8000.9%
Lighting$1,9600.6%
Appliances$3,2481.0%
Glazing$39,76013.0%
Metalwork$1,9600.6%
Furnishings & Decor$37,80012.3%
General Contractor Fee$37,52012.2%
Architect Fee$39,76013.0%
Fold-Out Decks$9,5203.1%
Fold-Out Pergolas$8,9602.9%
Total$306,712100%


20 ft Off-Grid Shipping Container Home on Wheels, Hawaii








Video
About Alternative Living Spaces

ProjectThe Green Box
BuilderAlternative Living Spaces
ContainersOne 20 ft
LocationThe Big Island, Hawaii
Year2024





Some of those who choose to downsize and move into a tiny house do so out of conviction, because they want to adopt minimalism and turn to more sustainable living practices to minimize their environmental footprint. Others are simply trying to survive and make ends meet in an era of lack of affordable housing solutions.

Brandie is one of those people who chose to live alternatively out of necessity. Her family has been living on the beautiful island of Hawaii for generations, and she wanted to be able to come back to her roots and live on the island whenever she felt like it. Unfortunately, with the exorbitant prices on the Hawaiian housing market, after selling her family's home in Hilo, she couldn't afford to build a new house or buy a pre-existing one.

However, she couldn't let herself be "priced out of paradise," so she decided to take a different approach to fulfilling her dream of homeownership on the Big Island. He bought a shipping container and turned it into a beautiful off-grid tiny home that offers her an affordable living option in Hawaii. It’s not her permanent residence, but it is equipped with all the amenities needed for a comfortable stay.